个人主义以及集体主义

由于我们处于一定的地方性知识中,所以在阅读异文化时会潜在的比较本文化。Because we are in a certain degree of local culture, cultural differences in anthropology reading when compared potentially of ours culture. 作为美国价值观核心概念的“个人主义”和其他概念一样,在进入汉语语境后也发生了类似鲁鱼亥豕般的意义嬗变,其中既有对异质文化的误读,也有政治意识形态的曲解,以致它原有的价值指向最终萎缩成了一种似是而非的道德评价,这对我们思维方式的日常影响至今仍然如影随形。由于东西方文化的差异,东方人难免对“个人主义”产生语义和价值观念的曲解。Individualism lies at the very core of American culture, but it has come to mean so many things and to contain such controdictions and paradoxes that even to defend it requires that we anlyze it critically. 个人主义是美国文化的核心。Individualism is the core of American culture. 森林里看不见完全相同的两片树叶,地球上也找不到完全相同的两个人。世界上的一切物质或精神的存在,都是独一无二的。但同样有道理的是,森林里所有的树叶依旧是树叶,地球上的每一个人也都属于人类。诞生于西方的国际关系理论饱含着西方的个人主义思想和线性的思维方式,这种作为其思想内核的个人主义不可避免的限制了国际关系理论的发展及将其作为促进世界各国和平与合作的理论的指导意义。Forest to see the two identical leaves, the earth also find two identical. Everything in the world of matter or spirit, it is unique. But the truth is, there also forest all leaves is still leaves, everyone on earth are human. Born in the western theories of international relations with western individualism ideas and ways of thinking, the linear as its core individualism inevitably restricted the development of international relations theory and its as promoting world peace and cooperation theory significance. 个人主义和集体主义是理解东西方文化的一个重要因素,可以揭示两种文化的主要差异。个人主义和集体主义实际上影响到社会的交往和交流。东西方强调个人主义和集体主义的原则是完全不同的,双方的交流模式、行为和风格也是不同的,缺乏文化差异的意识和了解是引起东西方文化冲突的原因所在。而对个人主义和集体主义的深入了解帮助我们预见不同文化背景下人们的行为方式,使人们决定和调整自己的方法以确保跨文化交际的成功。因此,个人主义和集体主义被广泛地用于解释人们在行为上的文化差异。对美国的研究离不开对美国个人地位的研究。正如托克维尔所言,个人主义仍然是代表美国传统特征的关键因素,历史学家们将美国的繁荣和民主的建立归因于自力更生的精神和个人主义。而中国的主流哲学是孔子思想,它极其强调集体利益的重要性。简而言之,分析美国的个人主义和中国的集体主义可以揭示两种文化的实质以及两种社会所面临问题的根源。美国个人主义和中国集体主义的对照与分析可以帮助我们更好地了解中美两国的社会和文化,更加有效地避免文化冲突。中美文化差异和文化价值观的不同构成了两国文化冲突的重要因素。一方面文化冲突具有各种表现形式,大多数是由于两国个人主义和集体主义价值观在一定条件下的剧烈碰撞。但是另一方面两国个人主义和集体主义价值观的差异也可促使异质文化取长补短、交汇融合。因此研究两国价值观中的美国个人主义和中国集体主义的差异就显得尤为重要。The individualism-collectivism dichotomy is an important element to understand the Western and Eastern cultures, because it can reveal a major difference between the two cultures. Collectivism and individualism actually affect social interactions and communications. As the principles underlying individualism and collectivism between the West and East are entirely different, the communication patterns, behaviors, and styles between the two sides are also entirely different. A lack of awareness and misinformation are the causes of many cross-cultural conflicts. A deep understanding of the individualism or collectivism of another culture helps us to predict the behaviors of people from it and then enable people to decide and adjust their approach to ensure a successful intercultural communication. Therefore the individualism-collectivism dichotomy has been widely used to explain cultural differences in behaviors.In American study, no concern is more centered than that with the status of individual in America. As described by Tocqueville, individualism remains the key factor to characterize the American tradition. Historians have attributed American prosperity and its promotion of democracy to the spirit of self-reliance and individualism. In the case of China, the core of its mainstream philosophy is the idea of Confucius, which attracts overwhelming importance to the interest of the group. In short, analysis on