戴炜栋语言学期末考试复习资料

高中物理教学艺术

戴炜栋语言学期末考试复习资料.txt
语言学期末考试复习资料
Chapter 1 Introduction
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2. The scope of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics.
3. Some important distinctions in linguistics
1) Prescriptive vs. descriptive
If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
2) Synchronic vs. diachronic
A language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3) Speech and writing
Speech is more important: a. from linguistic evolution b. needed to record speech, can be spoken but many languages still not writing. c. play a greater role than writing in everyday communication.
4). Language and parole
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
5) Competence and performance
Competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
6) Traditional grammar and modern linguistics
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar:
a. linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
b. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written
c. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
4. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
5. The feature of language:
a. language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.
b. Language is arbitrary.
c. Language is symbolic.
6. Design features:
a. Arbitrariness: there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
b. Productivity: it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
c. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.
d. Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away palces.
e. Culture transmission
Chapter two Phonology
1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
2. Three branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics
3. Three important areas of organs of speech:
Pharyngeal cavity----the throat
The oral cavity---the