启蒙运动对现代建筑的影响(英语版)

启蒙运动时期对现在建筑的影响,西方文化

The influence of the Enlightenment on western architecture

2011级英语一班 马佳 学号：201152010111

The background

The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) was a cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in the late 17th- and 18th-century Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method.It promoted scientific thought,skepticism,and intellectual interchange.It opposed superstition and intolerance, with the Catholic Church a favorite target.Some Enlightenment philosophes collaborated with Enlightened despots,who were absolute rulers who tried out some of the new governmental ideas in practice. The ideas of the Enlightenment have had a long-term major impact on the culture, politics, and governments of the Western world.

Originating about 1650 to 1700, it was sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), John Locke (1632–1704), Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), Voltaire (1694–1778) and physicist Isaac Newton (1643–1727).Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered these figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as enlightened absolutism. The Scientific Revolution is closely tied to the Enlightenment, as its discoveries overturned many traditional concepts and introduced new perspectives on nature and man's place within it. The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism's emphasis on emotion, and a Counter-Enlightenment gained force.

The Enlightenment Assertion

The Enlightenment thinkers strongly criticized the feudal autocratic system and the spiritual pillar — the Catholic Church, described the future blueprint of "rational kingdom", provided the ideological and theoretical preparation of achievement dominance for the bourgeoisie. In France, the Enlightenment disclosed the feudal system deeply, and did sufficient preparation for the upcoming the French Revolution. After that, the Enlightenment had been spread to other parts of the world to enlighten people's thoughts and shake the feudal rule.In general,the ideological principles,what advocated by the Enlightenment ideologists,including Natural Rights,tripartite political system,freedom,equality,democracy and legality,had been widely spread.These formed a strong social ethos that shook the foundation of the feudal rule, promoted the development of capitalism,as well as promoted the social progress. Subsequently, many works of the Enlightenment ideologists had also been introduced to Asian countries such as China and Japan, that inspired those person of noble aspirations to struggle for the transformation of the old society.