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就Heavy alcohol use is known to increase estrogen production and decrease testosterone levels and might be predicted to lower prostate cancer risk ( Breslow et al, 1999). 酗酒被称为增加雌激素的生产和降低睾丸激素水平，可以预见，以降低前列腺癌的风险（[19]布瑞斯罗夫等，1999）。 Despite this hypothesis, no relationship between alcohol use and prostate cancer has been established ( Pollack et al, 1984). 尽管这一假说，没有使用酒精和前列腺癌之间的关系已经建立（[173]·波拉克等，1984）。 [19][173]

Because IGF-1 levels are known to correlate with height, it has been hypothesized that taller men might have a higher risk of prostate cancer. The data on the association between height and prostate cancer are mixed, with both positive and negative studies ( Whittemore et al, 1985; Andersson et al, 1997). 因为IGF-1水平与高度关联，它一直推测，高个男子可能有前列腺癌的风险较高。高度和前列腺癌之间的关联数据混合，用正反两方面的研究（[235]惠特莫尔等，1985;[6]安德森et al，1997）。 One study showed a correlation between height and advanced prostate cancer ( Giovannucci et al, 1997). 一项研究显示高度和晚期前列腺癌（[73] Giovannucci等，1997）之间的相关性。

Etiology And Molecular Genetics病因学和分子遗传学

[235][6][73]

Although the exact etiology of prostate cancer remains unknown, there has been tremendous progress in defining the molecular events responsible for the initiation and progression of this disease. 虽然前列腺癌的确切病因尚不清楚，已有了巨大的进步，在确定这种疾病的启动和进展的分子事件负责。This progress has resulted from a number of factors. 这一进展已经由许多因素造成的。 Increased funding for prostate cancer research has focused and accelerated

并加快在该领域的努力。efforts in the field. 增加前列腺癌的研究经费的重点， Epidemiologic

studies uncovering a hereditary component to prostate cancer have led to large-scale efforts to

导致大规模pinpoint prostate cancer genes. 流行病学研究发现前列腺癌的一种遗传性的组件，

的努力，以查明前列腺癌的基因。 Concomitant advances in genomics and cancer genetics have hastened the pace of these gene-finding efforts. 伴随基因组学和癌症遗传学的进步加速了这些基因的发现努力的步伐。 Finally, the development of multiple animal models of prostate cancer and the ability to create animals with targeted genetic alterations have provided the means to test hypotheses about the etiology of prostate cancer directly ( ). 最后，前列腺癌和能力，以创建有针对性的遗传变异动物的多种动物模型的发展提供了手段，以测试有关前列腺癌的直接病因假说（图85-4）。

Figure 85-4 Summary of genetic alterations associated with prostate cancer progression. 图85-4总结与前列腺癌的进展有关的基因改变。 Prostate Cancer Initiation前列腺癌引发

Prostate cancer is unique among solid tumors in that it exists in two forms: a histologic or latent form, which can be identified in